1780, ITALY : The celebrated Italian Jesuit priest, biologist and physician LAZZARO SPALLANZANI (1729 - 1799), engraving from the book DISSERTAZIONI DI FISICA ANIMALE E VEGETALE, 1780, Società Tipografica, Modena, engraving by Cagnoni. Physiologist who made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions, animal reproduction, and essentially animal echolocation. His research of biogenesis paved the way for the downfall of preformationism theory (the idea that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves), though the final death blow to preformationism was dealt by Pasteur