1862, AUSTRIA: The Slesian zoologist, biologist and physician Catholic Agostinian friar GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (1822-1884). Photo from biographical note about Mendel in ' Principles of Heredity ' by William Bateson, Cambridge, 1909. Mendel gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of genetics. Though farmers had known for centuries that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance