1830 ca. ITALY: The italian physicist and mathematician LEOPOLDO NOBILI (1784-1835). Nobili invented a number of instruments critical to investigating thermodynamics and electrochemistry. Woodcut of an astatic galvanometer from a 1904 physics french book" Leçons de Physique" by Gillard. The astatic galvanometer, invented by Leopoldo Nobili in 1825, is a historical instrument that measures electric current